Research Interest

1. Vaccine development
2. Antibody technology
3. Infectious diseases
4. Chronic diseases
5. Systems Immunology/Immunobiology
6. Immunoinformatics
7. Immunopharmacology
8. Immunotherapeutics
9. Immunodiagnostics 

Ongoing Research

1. Preclinical evaluation on safety and immunogenicity of a synthetic chimera universal vaccine candidate (ShigaVax) against multi-drug resistance (MDR) Shigella.
2. Understanding the host-pathogen immunological interaction of Malaysian clinical isolates
3. Acinetobacter baumannii infection for the development of next-generation Acinetobacter immunotherapy.
4. Elucidation of immunotherapeutics role of DC-CIK using in vitro setting.
5. Molecular identification of surface-exposed proteins from Shigella flexneri as vaccine target molecules.
6. Characterization of antigenic molecules to improve rapid diagnosis in Shigella flexneri 2a infection.
   Exploring the immunomodulation roles of the human macrophages mediated by Shigella.
7. Characterization of adjuvant effects of Pleurotus polysacchariddes on immunomodulatory activities.

1. Antigen discovery
2. Molecular immunology
3. Gene manipulation
4. Genetic engineering
5. Protein engineering and recombinant protein production
6. Synthetic biology
7. Host-pathogen immunity
8. Immunopeptidomics
9. Computational vaccinology
10. Animal model of infection/immunization

1. da Silva, M. K., de Oliveira Campos, D. M., Akash, S., Akter, S., Leow, C. Y., Laino Fulco, U., Nobre Oliveira, J. I. (2023). Advances of Reverse Vaccinology for mRNA Vaccine Design against SARS-CoV-2: A Review of Methods and Tools. Viruses. 15(10): 2130.
2. Lim, H.T., Kok, B.H., Leow, C.Y. and Leow, C.H. (2023). Exploring shark VNAR antibody against infectious diseases using phage display technology. Fish and Shellfish Immunology. 108986.
3. Brown, B., Gravier, T., Fricke, I., Al-Sheboul, S.A., Carp, T., Leow, C.Y., Imarogbe, C. and Arabpour, J. (2023). Immunopathogenesis of Nipah Virus Infection and Associated Immune Responses. Immuno. 3(2): 160-181.
4. Leow, C.Y., Adrian, C.W., Khamki, K.A., Khok, Y.Y., Shahfri, M.F.M., Ngu, B.H., Nelly, N.M.N., Santhirasaygaran, P., Soong Y.H., Teo, C.Y., Leow, C.H. and Loy, M.J. (2023). Physical Health Impacts of Obesity: Comprehensive Review. Progress in Drug Discovery and Biomedical Science. 6(1): a0000354.
5. Brown, B., Ojha, V., Fricke, I., Al-Sheboul, S.A., Imarogbe, C., Gravier, T., Green, M., Peterson, L., Koutsaroff, I.P., Demir, A., Andrieu., J., Leow, C.Y. and Leow, C.H. (2023). Innate and Adaptive Immunity during SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Biomolecular Cellular Markers and Mechanisms. Vaccines. 11 (2): 408.
6. Tao, Y., Shen, C., Zhang, Y., Zhao, X., Leow, C.Y., Wu, J., Ji, M., and Xu, Z. (2023). Advances in research on schistosomiasis and toxoplasmosis in China: a bibliometric analysis of Chinese academic journals published from 1980 to 2021. Acta Tropica. 106783.
7. Kok. B.H., Lim, H.T., Lim, C.P., Lai, N.S., Leow, C.Y. and Leow, C.H. (2022). Dengue virus infection–A review of pathogenesis, vaccines, diagnosis and therapy. Virus Research. 199018.
8. de Oliveira Campos, D.M., da Silva, M.K., Barbosa, E.D., Leow, C.Y., Fulco, U.L. and Oliveira, J.I.N. (2022). Exploiting reverse vaccinology approach for the design of a multiepitope subunit vaccine against the major SARS-CoV-2 variants. Computational Biology and Chemistry. 101: 107754.
9. Lim, H.T., Kok, B.H., Lim, C.P., Abdul Majeed, A.B., Leow, C.Y. and Leow, C.H. (2022). Single domain antibodies derived from ancient animals as broadly neutralizing agents for SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses. Biomedical Engineering Advances. 4: 100054.
10. Mohammad Shabani, N.R., Hisyam Ismail, C.M.K., Anthony, A. A., Leow, C.H., Chuah, C., Mohd Nor, N., He, Y., Banga Singh, K.K., Leow, C.Y. (2022). Mass spectrometry-based immunopeptidomics and computational vaccinology strategies for the identification of Shigella universal immunogenic candidates. Computers in Biology and Medicine. 148: 105900.
11. Hisyam Ismail, C.M.K., Mohammad Shabani, N.R., Chuah, C., Hassan, Z., Abdul Majeed, A.B., Leow, C.H., Banga Singh, K.K. and Leow, C.Y. (2022). Shigella iron-binding proteins: An insight into molecular physiology, pathogenesis, and potential target vaccine development. Vaccine. 40 (30): 3991-3998.
12. Lim, C.P., Kok, B.H., Lim, H.T., Chuah, C., Abdul Rahman, B., Abdul Majeed, A.B., Wykes, M., Leow, C.H., and Leow, C.Y. (2022). Recent Trends in Next Generation Immunoinformatics Harnessed for Universal Coronavirus Vaccine Design. Pathogens and Global Health. (In press).
13. Chong, H.Y., Leow, C.Y., Leow, C. H. (2021). Generation of soluble, disulfide-rich JEV NS1 protein recognizable by anti-NS1 antibodies through a simplified, in vitro refolding approach. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 185: 485-493.
14. Kazi, A., Hisyam Ismail, C.M.K., Anthony, A. A., Chuah, C., Lim, B.H., Leow, C.H., Banga Singh, K.K. and Leow, C.Y., (2020). Designing and evaluation of a cellular- and antibody-based chimeric recombinant protein encoding Shigella outer membrane antigens: an in silico. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 80:104176.

1. FAR132/3 Basic Physiology and Pharmacology
2. FAR242/4 Endocrine and Reproductive Systems and Therapy
3. FEL274/2 Health Promotion Pharmacy
4. FEL478/2 Patient Bed Side Physiology

Consultation services have been provided to

1. Stadpharm Sdn Bhd
2. Auxi Therapeutics Sdn Bhd
3. Elvenia Regenerative Sdn Bhd
4. UBE Corporate Solutions

1. USM Sanggar Sanjung Award
2. Australian Research Fellowship
3. Top Performing Paper (highest read and cited in 2018) by Pathogen and Global Health (Editorial by Imperial College London)